Gimp 2.8.22 manual
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While ‘proof-of-concept’, this study suggests that older and less well-preserved remains could be used to draw inferences about historic and prehistoric languages.
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We could recover the signatures of inter-individual variation between these vowels, in acoustics and articulation. In particular, we show that detailed anatomical information concerning two components of the vocal tract (the lower jaw and the hard palate) can be extracted and digitized from the osteological remains of three historical populations from The Netherlands, and can be used to conduct three-dimensional biomechanical simulations of vowel production. These build on recent experimental and modelling studies, showing that there is extensive variation between individuals in the precise shape of the vocal tract, and that this variation affects speech and language. Here, we suggest that the shape of the hard structures of the vocal tract may also allow inferences about the speech of long-gone humans. While speech and language do not fossilize, they still leave traces that can be extracted and interpreted. However, focusing on phonetics and phonology alone, the last two decades have witnessed the accumulation of data concerning the type and patterns of inter-individual variation in the production and perception of speech, as well as a heightened interest in the theoretical implications for phonology, sound change and typological diversity. Of course, this was not a blanket stance, with aspects of variation being actively studied in, for example, dialectology, sociolinguistics and phonetics, but it did result in the marginalization of such inquiries and limited the appreciation of how widespread variation is, and of how powerful an explanatory factor it may be. Language in general, and the vocal tract in particular, are far from being exceptions, despite decades of focusing on (absolute) universals and denying, or, at best, dismissing and trivializing variation as mere irrelevant 'noise' to be removed from the analysis and ignored from theorizing.